Mountin Goat

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The Mountain Goat ( Oreamnos americanus), also known as the Rocky Mountain Goat, is a large-hoofed mammal found only in  North America. Despite its vernacular name, it is not a member of  Capra , the genus of true goats. It stays at high elevations and is a sure-footed climber, often resting on rocky cliffs that predators  cannot reach.

Classification

The mountain goat is an even-toed ungulate  of the order  Artiodactyla  and the family  Bovidae  that includes  antelopes,  gazelles , and  cattle. It belongs to the subfamily Caprinae  (goat-antelopes), along with thirty-two other species including  true goats,  sheep , the  chamois , and the  musk ox. The mountain goat is the only species  in the genus  Oreamnos . The name Oreamnos is derived from the Greek term oros (stem ore-) "mountain" (or, alternatively, oreas "mountain nymph") and the word amnos "lamb".

edit ] General appearance and characteristics
EnlargePhoto taken from Huron Peak, ColoradoBoth male  and  female  mountain goats have beards, short tails, and long black horns, 15–28 cm in length, which contain yearly growth rings. They are protected from the elements by their woolly white double coats. The fine, dense wool of their undercoats is covered by an outer layer of longer, hollow hairs. In spring, mountain goats moult by rubbing against rocks and trees, with the adult bucks (males) shedding their extra wool first and the pregnant does (females) shedding last. In the winter, their coats help them to withstand temperatures as low as −50 °F (−46 °C) and winds of up to 100 mph (160 km/h).

A buck stands about three feet (1 m) at the shoulder to the waist. Male goats also have longer horns and a longer beard than a female does. Mountain goats typically weigh between 100 and 300 lbs (45–136 kg);| [2] females are usually 10–30% lighter than males.

The mountain goat's feet are well-suited for climbing steep, rocky slopes, sometimes with pitches of 60 degrees or more, with inner pads that provide traction and cloven hooves  that can be spread apart as needed. Also, the tips of their feet have dewclaws  that are sharp to keep them from slipping.

edit ] Range and habitat
EnlargeMountain Goat on Mount Massive,  Colorado ,  USA The mountain goat inhabits the  Rocky Mountains  and  Cascade Range  regions of North America, from northern  Washington ,  Idaho  and  Montana  through  British Columbia  and  Alberta , into the southern  Yukon  and southeastern  Alaska. Its northernmost range is said to be along the northern fringe of the Chugach Mountains  in southcentral Alaska. Introduced populations can also be found in such areas as Wyoming,  Utah ,  Nevada ,  Oregon ,  Colorado ,  Texas ,  South Dakota  and the  Olympic Peninsula  of Washington.

Mountain goats are the largest mammals found in their high-altitude habitats, which reach elevations of 13,000 feet (4,000 m) or more. Although they sometimes descend to sea level in coastal areas, they are primarily an alpine  and  subalpine  species. Throughout the year, the animals usually stay above the tree line, but they will migrate seasonally to higher or lower elevations within that range. Winter migrations to low-elevation mineral licks  often take them several or more kilometers through forested areas.| [3] |   Young ' goat ' licking handrail for salt== edit ] Movement patterns== Daily movements by individual mountain goats are primarily confined to areas on the same mountain face, drainage basin, or alpine opening. Daily movements reflect an individual’s needs for foraging, resting, thermoregulation  and security from predators or disturbance. Seasonal movements primarily reflect nutritional needs (e.g., movements to and from mineral licks/ salt lick ), reproductive needs (i.e., movement of pre-parturient females to “kidding” areas; movement to rutting areas), and climatic influences (i.e., movement to areas in response to foraging conditions). In general, seasonal movements are likely to exhibit a strong elevational component, whereby lower, forested elevations are used during the spring-summer (security cover effects) to access lower elevation mineral licks, and during winter (thermal cover effects) to access forage. The farthest movements are expected to be by dispersing mountain goats. Such movements are likely to involve mountain goats crossing forested valleys as they move between mountain blocks. EnlargeMountain Goat near the summit of Huron Peak, Colorado, elevation 4,269 meters== edit ] Diet== Mountain goats are herbivores and spend most of their time grazing. Their diet includes grasses,  herbs ,  sedges ,  ferns ,  moss ,  lichen , twigs and leaves from the low-growing shrubs and  conifers  of their high-altitude habitat.

In captivity, the mountain goat's diet can also include grain, alfalfa, fruits, and vegetables.

edit ] Life cycle and mating
In the wild, mountain goats usually live twelve to fifteen years, with their lifespan limited by the wearing down of their teeth. In zoos, however, they can live for sixteen to twenty years.

Mountain goats reach sexual maturity at about thirty months. Nannies in a herd undergo synchronized estrus  in late October through early December, at which time males and females participate in a mating ritual. Mature billies will stare at nannies for long periods, dig rutting pits, and fight each other in showy (though occasionally dangerous) scuffles. Young billies sometimes try to participate, but they are ignored by nannies; nannies will also sometimes pursue inattentive billies. Both males and females usually mate with multiple individuals during breeding season, although some billies try to keep other males away from certain nannies. After the breeding season is over, males and females move away from each other, with the adult billies breaking up into small bands of two or three individuals. Nannies form loose-knit nursery groups of up to 50 animals.

Kids are born in the spring (late May or early June) after a six month gestation period. Nannies give birth, usually to a single offspring, after moving to an isolated ledge; post-partum, they lick the baby dry and ingest the placenta. Kids weigh a little over 3 kg (7 lb) at birth and begin to run and climb (or attempt to do so) within hours. Although they are mostly weaned within one month, kids follow their mothers closely for the first year of life (or until the nanny gives birth again, if this does not occur the next breeding season); nannies protect their young by leading them out of danger, standing over them when faced by predators, and positioning themselves below their kids on steep slopes to stop free falls.

edit ] Aggressive behavior
Nannies can be very competitive and protective of their space and food sources. They will fight with one another for dominance in conflicts that can ultimately include all the nannies in the herd. In these battles, nannies will circle each other with their heads lowered, showing off their horns. As with fights between billies during breeding season, these conflicts can occasionally lead to injury or even death, but they are largely harmless. To avoid fighting, an animal may show a posture of non-aggression by stretching low to the ground.

In lower regions below the tree line, nannies also use their fighting abilities to protect themselves and their offspring from predators, such as wolves,  wolverines ,  cougars ,  lynx  and  bears. Even though their size protects them from most potential predators in higher altitudes, nannies still must defend their young from golden eagles, which can be a threat to very young kids. Nannies have even been observed trying to dominate the more passive bighorn sheep  that share some of their territory.

Mountain goats can occasionally be aggressive towards humans, with at least one reported fatality resulting from an attack by a mountain goat.| [4] |    Alpine Junction,  Wyoming == edit ] Wool== Although the Mountain goat has never been domesticated  and  commercialized  for their  wool,  pre-columbian   Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast  did incorporate their wool into their  weaving  by collecting spring  moulted  wool left by wild goats.| [5]